american polygamy a history of fundamentalist mor

American polygamy a history of fundamentalist mo

Polygamy, the practice of having multiple spouses simultaneously, has a complex and often controversial history in the United States. Rooted in religious, cultural, and social traditions, its evolution reflects broader themes of faith, law, and societal change. Among the various forms of polygamous arrangements, fundamentalist Mormon groups have been particularly prominent, shaping the narrative of American polygamy for over a century. This article explores the history of fundamentalist Mormon polygamy, examining its origins, development, societal reactions, legal battles, and its place in modern America.

Origins of Mormon Polygamy

The Mormon Faith and Early Practices

The roots of Mormon polygamy trace back to the early days of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith in upstate New York. Smith and early church members believed that polygamy was a divine principle revealed by God, intended to restore ancient biblical practices. Key points include:

• Revelation to Joseph Smith: According to LDS doctrine, Joseph Smith received a revelation in the early 1830s instructing him to practice plural marriage.
• Early Practice: The practice was kept secret initially, but evidence suggests that some early church leaders engaged in plural marriages.
• Public Revelation: It wasn’t until 1852 that the church officially announced the practice of plural marriage under Brigham Young’s leadership.

Polygamy and the Mormon Identity

For early Mormons, polygamy became intertwined with religious identity and a sense of divine destiny. It was viewed as a way to:

• Grow the Mormon community rapidly.
• Achieve spiritual exaltation.
• Fulfill biblical commandments.

However, the practice also led to persecution, social ostracism, and legal conflicts, shaping the community’s secretive and resilient nature.

The Rise of Fundamentalist Mormon Groups

Breaking Away from Mainstream LDS Church

In the early 20th century, the LDS Church formally renounced polygamy, issuing a manifesto in 1890 that discouraged new plural marriages. This move was driven by:

• Increasing legal pressure and anti-polygamy laws.
• The desire to gain statehood for Utah (achieved in 1896).
• The church’s focus on mainstream acceptance.

Nevertheless, some members and leaders believed that the church was abandoning divine commandments. These groups, known as fundamentalist Mormons, continued practicing polygamy secretly or openly, forming independent communities.

Key Fundamentalist Mormon Groups

Several groups emerged, each with distinct beliefs but united in their commitment to practicing plural marriage:

1. Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS)

• Founded by followers of John Y. Barlow and later led by Warren Jeffs.
• Emphasizes strict adherence to original Mormon doctrines.

2. Latter Day Church of Christ (Original Group)

• Based in Colorado City and Hildale.
• Focuses on maintaining traditional polygamous practices.

3. Apostolic United Brethren (AUB)

• Known for a more moderate approach, emphasizing community and religious teachings without undue media attention.

Each group operates with its own leadership, community practices, and interpretations of Mormon doctrine.

Legal and Social Challenges

Legal Battles and Criminal Prosecutions

Polygamy has faced persistent legal opposition in the United States. Key moments include:

• The Edmunds Act (1882): made polygamy a felony and disenfranchised polygamists.
• The Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887): disincorporated the LDS Church and confiscated church assets.
• The 20th-century prosecutions against FLDS leaders, notably Warren Jeffs, who was convicted of numerous crimes related to his leadership.

Despite these efforts, fundamentalist groups often practiced polygamy covertly, complicating law enforcement.

Societal Reactions and Media Portrayals

Media portrayals have often sensationalized fundamentalist Mormon communities, focusing on:

• Child marriages.
• Wealth and property disputes.
• Religious extremism.

Public opinion has generally been critical, associating polygamy with abuse and criminality, though some advocates argue for religious freedom and cultural preservation.

Modern-Day Fundamentalist Mormon Communities

Continued Practice and Community Life

Today, groups like the FLDS continue practicing plural marriage, living in tight-knit communities primarily in:

• Southern Utah
• Arizona
• Texas
• Other parts of the American West

Members often face social isolation, legal scrutiny, and economic challenges, but they maintain their religious convictions.

Legal and Social Developments in the 21st Century

Recent trends include:

• Increased legal actions targeting underage marriages.
• Government raids and interventions in community compounds.
• Media documentaries and public awareness campaigns.

While mainstream Mormonism has distanced itself from polygamy, fundamentalist groups persist, emphasizing religious freedom and cultural heritage.

Contemporary Perspectives and Debates

The Debate Over Religious Freedom

Supporters argue that practicing plural marriage is a matter of religious liberty protected under the First Amendment. Critics contend that such practices often involve coercion, abuse, or exploitation, especially concerning minors.

Legal Reforms and Future Outlook

Efforts continue to:

• Strengthen laws against underage marriage and abuse.
• Protect vulnerable community members.
• Respect religious freedoms while ensuring safety.

The future of fundamentalist Mormon polygamy remains uncertain, with ongoing legal, social, and cultural debates shaping its trajectory.

Conclusion

The history of fundamentalist Mormon polygamy is a testament to the complex interplay between faith, law, and society in America. From its origins in divine revelation to its clandestine practice and modern legal battles, polygamy has been both a religious conviction and a source of controversy. While mainstream Mormonism has moved away from plural marriage, fundamentalist groups continue to uphold this practice, embodying a persistent and resilient facet of American religious diversity. Understanding this history provides insight into broader themes of religious freedom, cultural identity, and social change in the United States.

Key Takeaways:

• Polygamy in America has deep historical roots, particularly linked to Mormon origins.
• The practice was officially renounced by the LDS Church but persisted among fundamentalist groups.
• Legal battles and societal attitudes have heavily influenced the public perception and regulation of polygamous communities.
• Fundamentalist Mormon groups continue practicing plural marriage, often facing legal and social challenges.
• The debate over religious freedom versus protection from exploitation remains central in contemporary discussions.

By exploring the nuanced history of American polygamy and the fundamentalist Mormon movement, we gain a clearer understanding of its significance within the broader context of religious practice and societal values in the United States.

American Polygamy: A History of Fundamentalist Mor is a compelling and complex subject that intertwines religion, culture, law, and social dynamics. Rooted deeply in certain religious traditions, particularly within Mormon fundamentalism, the practice of polygamy has generated significant controversy and debate throughout American history. This article aims to explore the origins, evolution, and contemporary implications of fundamentalist polygamy in the United States, shedding light on its cultural significance, legal battles, and societal impact.

Origins and Historical Background of American Polygamy

The Roots in Mormonism

Polygamy in America is most notably associated with the early followers of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Founded in the early 19th century by Joseph Smith, Mormonism initially embraced polygamy as a divine principle. Smith and subsequent leaders practiced and preached plural marriage as a way to fulfill divine commandments, asserting that it was essential for exaltation and spiritual progression.

However, the mainstream LDS Church officially renounced polygamy in 1890 with the Manifesto, aiming to gain better acceptance within American society and to comply with federal laws. Despite this, a faction known as Mormon fundamentalists continued to practice plural marriage, believing it to be a sacred obligation.

The Rise of Fundamentalist Mormon Groups

Post-1890, several groups split from the mainstream LDS Church to preserve the practice of polygamy. These groups, often called Mormon fundamentalists, operate independently and are not officially affiliated with the LDS Church. Notable groups include the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS), the Apostolic United Brethren, and others.

These groups often emphasize strict adherence to what they consider the original teachings of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, asserting that polygamy is a divine commandment necessary for salvation. Their communities tend to be insular and maintain conservative religious doctrines.

Legal and Social Challenges

Legal Battles and Legislation

Throughout American history, polygamy has been at odds with federal and state laws. The Edmunds Act (1882) and Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887) were enacted to suppress polygamy, criminalizing unlawful cohabitation and leading to the prosecution of practitioners.

The legal stance has historically been clear: plural marriage is illegal in the U.S., and laws have been enforced to dismantle polygamous communities. Notably, in the early 2000s, the FBI and other agencies conducted raids on FLDS compounds, most famously the 2008 raid on the YFZ Ranch in Texas.

Despite these efforts, fundamentalist groups argue that their practice is a religious freedom protected under the First Amendment. They often face societal stigma, legal challenges, and internal conflicts about public perception and compliance.

Societal Impact and Public Perception

The public image of polygamous groups is often negative, associated with abuse, manipulation, and exploitation. Media portrayals tend to sensationalize incidents involving these groups, further fueling misconceptions.

However, members argue that their communities foster strong family bonds, religious devotion, and social cohesion. The social dynamics within these communities are complex, often involving strict gender roles, communal living, and a hierarchical leadership structure.

The Features and Structure of Fundamentalist Polygamous Communities

Family and Social Structure

Fundamentalist polygamous communities are often organized around a patriarchal hierarchy, with a male leader—sometimes called a prophet or bishop—exercising significant authority. Women typically have defined roles centered around homemaking and child-rearing, while men may have multiple wives.

Features include:

• Multiple wives per man: Wives often live in close proximity, sharing household responsibilities.
• Large families: Children are valued highly, with some families having a dozen or more children.
• Community cohesion: Members frequently live in close-knit compounds or towns designed to maintain religious and social order.

Religious Beliefs and Practices

Fundamentalist groups interpret scriptures literally, emphasizing obedience to divine commandments. They believe that plural marriage is essential for achieving exaltation and eternal life.

Practices include:

• Secrecy: Many groups operate clandestinely to avoid legal repercussions.
• Religious ceremonies: Marriage ceremonies are religious rites believed to be ordained by God.
• End Times focus: Some groups are apocalyptic, believing that their practices prepare them for the Second Coming.

Pros and Cons of Fundamentalist Polygamy

Pros:

• Strong family bonds: Many members report deep loyalty and support within their large families.
• Religious fulfillment: Practitioners find spiritual meaning and purpose in their faith and practices.
• Community solidarity: Insular communities often provide social safety nets and mutual assistance.

Cons:

• Legal issues: Polygamy is illegal, leading to criminal charges and legal conflicts.
• Gender inequality: Critics argue that the practice promotes patriarchy and often suppresses women's rights.
• Potential for abuse: Power imbalances can lead to exploitation, coercion, and abuse.
• Social isolation: Communities may become isolated from broader society, limiting opportunities and integration.

Modern Developments and the Future of American Polygamy

Legal Challenges and Court Cases

While the U.S. government continues to criminalize polygamy, legal battles persist over religious freedoms versus state interests. The Supreme Court has upheld laws banning plural marriage, but fundamentalist groups remain resilient.

Recent legal cases involve issues like child welfare, property disputes, and religious rights. The debate often centers around balancing religious liberty with protecting individual rights and preventing abuse.

Public Awareness and Media Representation

Media portrayal has evolved from sensational stories to more nuanced documentaries and investigative reports. Public awareness of the diversity within fundamentalist groups has increased, leading to greater understanding and sometimes sympathy.

Potential for Change or Decline

Factors influencing the future include:

• Law enforcement crackdowns
• Internal community debates about modernization
• External societal pressures for gender equality
• Personal stories of ex-members advocating for change

While some groups have shown signs of adapting to modern societal norms, others remain committed to their traditional practices, viewing them as divine commandments.

Conclusion

American Polygamy: A History of Fundamentalist Mor encapsulates a complex tapestry of faith, tradition, legality, and social dynamics. Rooted in religious conviction and driven by a desire to preserve divine commandments, fundamentalist groups continue to challenge societal norms and legal boundaries. Their communities offer a sense of purpose and belonging to their members, yet face ongoing scrutiny and conflict with broader societal values advocating for gender equality and legal compliance.

Understanding this facet of American religious and cultural history requires recognizing the deep convictions that sustain these communities, as well as the societal costs and benefits associated with their practices. As the nation continues to grapple with issues of religious freedom, individual rights, and law enforcement, the future of fundamentalist polygamy remains uncertain but undeniably significant in the ongoing dialogue about religion, law, and society in America.

Question	Answer
What is the history of fundamentalist Mormon groups practicing polygamy in America?	Fundamentalist Mormon groups began practicing polygamy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a response to the mainstream LDS Church's discontinuation of the practice. These groups sought to preserve what they saw as the original teachings of Mormon founder Joseph Smith, leading to the formation of various fundamentalist communities.
How did the U.S. government respond to the practice of polygamy among fundamentalist Mormons?	The U.S. government actively prosecuted polygamy, culminating in laws like the Edmunds Act (1882) and Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887), which criminalized plural marriage. These laws led to arrests, imprisonment, and the suppression of fundamentalist Mormon communities practicing polygamy.
Are fundamentalist Mormon groups still practicing polygamy today?	Yes, several fundamentalist Mormon groups continue to practice polygamy today, despite it being illegal in the United States. These communities often operate in isolated areas to avoid legal repercussions.
What distinguishes fundamentalist Mormon groups from the mainstream LDS Church?	Fundamentalist Mormon groups strictly adhere to the practice of plural marriage as originally taught, whereas the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints officially abandoned the practice in 1890 and excommunicates members who engage in polygamy.
What were some social and cultural impacts of fundamentalist polygamy in American history?	Fundamentalist polygamy contributed to social marginalization, legal conflicts, and negative stereotypes of Mormon communities. It also influenced discussions on religious freedom and the boundaries of state authority over personal religious practices.
How has media portrayal affected public perception of fundamentalist Mormon polygamous practices?	Media portrayals often sensationalize or stigmatize fundamentalist Mormon communities, emphasizing issues like abuse and manipulation, which can distort public understanding and fuel misconceptions about these groups.
What legal challenges have fundamentalist Mormon communities faced regarding polygamy?	Legal challenges include criminal prosecutions, restrictions on child marriage, and efforts to dismantle polygamous compounds. These challenges aim to enforce anti-polygamy laws and protect individual rights, especially regarding minors.
How do fundamentalist Mormon groups justify their practice of polygamy today?	They often cite religious texts, historical precedents, and their interpretation of divine commandments as justification for continuing the practice, viewing it as an essential aspect of their faith and religious identity.

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